Convivencia Revisited: A Historical Analysis of Tolerance and Interfaith Relations in al-Andalus

Abstract

This study revisits convivencia to provide a comprehensive historical analysis of tolerance and interfaith relations under Muslim rule in al-Andalus (711–1492). Contrary to simplified narratives that idealize Andalusi society as a utopia of harmonious coexistence, this research adopts a nuanced approach, examining both cooperation and conflict among Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Utilizing a wide range of sources including historical chronicles, legal codes, administrative records, and literary and cultural artifacts the study investigates how Islamic governance structured interreligious relations through the frameworks of dhimma, legal pluralism, and socio-economic integration. The analysis highlights periods of remarkable intellectual collaboration, cultural flourishing, and shared civic life, while also acknowledging moments of tension arising from political instability, social hierarchies, and external pressures. By situating convivencia within its complex socio-political and legal context, the article demonstrates that Andalusi tolerance was pragmatic, negotiated, and contingent rather than absolute. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of historical models of pluralism and offers insights relevant to contemporary discussions on interfaith coexistence and cultural diplomacy.