The AL-JAMEI Research Journal (AJRJ) is launched by the Jlali Research Institute of Social Science (SMC-Private) Limited. It is a biannual, trilingual (English, Arabic, and Urdu), double-blind, peer-reviewed, and open-access research journal. It is available online with ISSN 3006-4783 and in print with ISSN 3006-4775. The AL-JAMEI Research Journal (AJRJ) is dedicated to promoting interreligious harmony and global peace through its commitment to providing a scholarly platform for individuals specializing in Religious Studies, Social Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. The Journal charge 75USD as processing and Publication fee per article. Join the reviewers' team at AL-JAMEI Research Journal with the following link: Become a Reviewer
Jlali Research Institute of Social Science (SMC-Private) Limited
The Psychological Impact of Terrorism on Collective Identity and Social Behavior in Pakistan
Terrorism has remained a persistent challenge in Pakistan, leaving profound psychological consequences that extend beyond individual trauma to shape collective identity and social behavior. This study examines how prolonged exposure to terrorist violence influences fear, trust, social cohesion, and patterns of collective behavior within Pakistani society. Drawing on psychological theories of collective trauma, social identity, and fear conditioning, the article analyzes how recurring incidents of violence contribute to heightened anxiety, social polarization, and altered perceptions of “in-groups” and “out-groups.” The research further explores how fear and insecurity affect public trust in social institutions, normalize defensive social behaviors, and, in some cases, increase susceptibility to radical narratives. By focusing on the interplay between terrorism, collective psychology, and social responses, the study highlights the long-term psychosocial costs of violence and emphasizes the need for trauma-informed public policy, community-based mental health interventions, and inclusive narratives to restore social cohesion. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of terrorism’s impact on societal psychology in conflict-affected contexts such as Pakistan.
Terrorism; Collective Identity; Social Behavior; Collective Trauma; Fear and Anxiety; Social Polarization; Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2026 AL-JAMEI Research Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship of Sufis with the Hadith during the Seljuk Era (An Analytical Study)
This article undertakes an analytical study of the relationship between Sufis and the Hadith during the Seljuk era, a period marked by significant developments in Islamic spirituality and scholarship.The Seljuk era, renowned for its vibrant intellectual and spiritual dynamism, witnessed the flourishing of Sufism as a pivotal component of Islamic life and thought. This study aims to explore the profound interactions between Sufi mystics and the Hadith literature, highlighting how Sufis embraced, interpreted, and integrated the teachings of the Prophet (Peace be upon him) into their spiritual practices and doctrinal foundations.Furthermore, the study addresses the contributions of prominent Sufi scholars to the science of Hadith and their efforts in defending and disseminating authentic prophetic traditions. It also explores the challenges and controversies that arose from the Sufi use of Hadith, particularly in instances where their interpretations diverged from orthodox understandings. By providing an analytical overview of the Sufis' engagement with Hadith during the Seljuk era, this article contributes to a deeper appreciation of the symbiotic relationship between Sufism and Hadith scholarship. It highlights the enduring legacy of this interaction in enriching Islamic spirituality and offers insights into the complex interplay between mystical experience and religious orthodoxy.Ultimately, this study aims to shed light on the multifaceted dimensions of Sufi spirituality in the Seljuk period, emphasizing the central importance of the Hadith in cultivating a profound and nuanced love for the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)within the hearts of the believers.Through this exploration, the article seeks to foster a more comprehensive understanding of the historical and spiritual context that shaped the Sufi approach to the Hadith and its impact on the development of Islamic mysticism.
Copyright (c) 2025 AL-JAMEI Research Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Corruption in the Modern Era and its Prevention in the Light of the Quran and Hadith
The love of wealth and riches is inherent in human nature. Keeping in mind human nature, Islam did not completely prohibit wealth accumulation, but rather defined certain rights in this wealth so that justice and fairness are established among human beings and corruption and mismanagement do not get a chance to flourish. Therefore, Islam does not like it when only a few people control all the wealth and riches of society, and the rest are forced to live a life of poverty and helplessness. Therefore, Islam gives strict warnings to those who hoard wealth and do not spend it on the needy. Financial corruption is a complex and deep-rooted problem that cannot be completely eradicated immediately. The Quran and Hadith strongly condemn all forms of financial corruption and teach the establishment of a pure, transparent, and just economic system. In the present era, comprehensive measures such as faith awareness, a strong legal system, transparency, accountability, and raising public awareness are indispensable to curb these evils. Muslims must firmly hold on to these Quranic and Prophetic principles in their individual and collective lives to create a healthy, transparent, just, and prosperous society.
Methodology and Style of "Taliq۔E۔Mumajjad Shrah Mo'atta Muhammad”(A Concise Overview)
The scholarly endeavor of interpreting and explicating Hadith literature has been a cornerstone in preserving the Islamic scholarly tradition, with numerous works dedicated to this purpose across centuries. "Taliq.e.Mumajjad",a distinguished commentary on "Muwatta Imam Muhammad", stands out as a significant contribution to this intellectual heritage. This article offers a concise overview of the methodology and style employed in "Taliq-e-Mumajjad", aiming to illuminate its unique approach to interpreting one of the foundational texts of Hadith.The analysis begins by contextualizing "Taliq-e-Mumajjad" within the broader landscape of Islamic scholarship, highlighting its significance in the study of Hadith and Islamic jurisprudence. It delves into the author's scholarly background, shedding light on how his academic and spiritual journey influenced the development of this work. Furthermore, the article explores the methodological framework adopted in "Taliq-e-Mumajjad", examining the principles and criteria set forth for interpreting Hadiths and discussing how these align with or diverge from established scholarly traditions.By providing an analytical overview of "Taliq-e-Mumajjad", this article aims to contribute to the appreciation of the rich scholarly tradition within Islam. It underscores the importance of methodology and style in the interpretation of Hadith literature, highlighting how "Taliq-e-Mumajjad" exemplifies a rigorous and nuanced approach to understanding the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).Through this exploration, the article seeks to foster a deeper understanding of "Taliq-e-Mumajjad" as a vital text that continues to inspire and inform Islamic scholarship.
Liberty vs. Procedure: A Critical Assessment of Prolonged Judicial Remand and Human Rights Infringements within Pakistan’s Criminal Justice System
The sanctity of individual liberty is a foundational tenet of both domestic constitutionalism and international human rights jurisprudence. However, in the legal landscape of Pakistan, pre-trial detention has transitioned from an exceptional procedural necessity into a pervasive mechanical practice. This study critically evaluates the systemic reliance on prolonged judicial remand, which frequently results in "punishment before conviction" for a vast population of under-trial prisoners, many of whom are ultimately acquitted. By synthesizing the protections offered under Articles 9 and 10A of the Constitution of Pakistan with international benchmarks, specifically Article 3 of the UDHR and Articles 6, 9, and 14 of the ICCPR, this research highlights a widening gap between statutory ideals and judicial realities. The analysis contends that current detention practices undermine the presumption of innocence and violate the right to a fair trial. The paper concludes by advocating for substantive institutional and legislative reforms to harmonize Pakistan’s criminal justice framework with global human rights obligations, ensuring that liberty remains the rule and incarceration the exception.
Copyright (c) 2024 AL-JAMEI Research Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Review of the Jurisprudential Views of the Khamsa Religions in Fiqh Ul-Bay Al Salam and their Contemporary Applications
This study undertakes an in-depth comparative examination of the jurisprudential perspectives of the five major Islamic schools of law Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, Hanbali, and Ja‘fari regarding Bay‘ al-Salam, a distinctive form of forward sale in which full payment is made at the time of contract while the delivery of the specified goods is deferred to a future date. The research systematically analyzes the classical juristic foundations of Salam, tracing its legitimacy from the Qur’an, Sunnah, and the established practices of the Companions, and then evaluates how each school of law conceptualizes its legal rationale and scope of permissibility. Particular attention is given to the essential conditions of Salam, including the requirement of advance payment, precise specification of the subject matter in terms of quantity, quality, and type, the determination of the delivery date and place, and the avoidance of gharar (uncertainty) and ribā (usury(.The study further highlights the areas of consensus (ijmā) among the jurists such as the permissibility of Salam as an exception to the general prohibition of selling non-existent goods while also critically examining the points of divergence among the five schools, especially concerning the types of commodities eligible for Salam, the permissibility of Salam in non-fungible goods, the conditions related to delivery delays, and the implications of market volatility. By comparing these doctrinal variations, the research illustrates the methodological approaches adopted by each school, including their use of qiyās, istihsān, maslahah, and textual interpretation. In addition, the study explores the contemporary relevance and applicability of Bay‘ al-Salam within the framework of modern Islamic finance. It analyzes how Salam-based contracts are employed in agricultural financing, commodity trading, Islamic banking instruments, and supply-chain financing, particularly as a Shari‘ah-compliant alternative to interest-based lending. The paper also assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing Salam in modern financial markets, such as risk management, standardization of contracts, regulatory compliance, and integration with contemporary financial systems. By bridging classical fiqh discourse with present-day economic realities, the research demonstrates the enduring flexibility and ethical foundations of Islamic commercial law. Overall, this comparative framework not only clarifies the jurisprudential nuances and methodological differences among the five schools of Islamic law but also provides valuable practical insights for policymakers, Islamic financial institutions, Sharīah scholars, and researchers. It underscores the potential of Bay‘ al-Salam as a viable, socially responsible, and Sharīah-compliant financing mechanism capable of addressing modern economic needs while remaining firmly rooted in the principles of Islamic jurisprudence.
A Critical Appraisal of the Fiduciary Legitimacy of Mudarabah: Bridging the Gap between Scriptural Evidence and Financial Implementation
This study provides a critical appraisal of the fiduciary legitimacy of Muḍārabah, a cornerstone equity-based instrument in Islamic finance. While traditional scholarship heavily relies on specific Quranic verses and Prophetic traditions to validate the separation of capital and labor, this paper identifies significant interpretative and functional gaps between classical scriptural evidence and contemporary financial implementation. Through a qualitative and comparative analysis, the research examines the linguistic ambiguity of the term Ḍarb in the Quranic context and evaluates the historical weight of Hadith narratives, such as the Basra and Urwah al-Bariqi incidents. The paper further explores the "Fiduciary Gap" in modern Islamic banking, where the authentic trust-based nature (Amānah) of Muḍārabah is frequently compromised by synthetic debt-like structures and rigid collateral requirements designed to mitigate agency costs. By evaluating the Two-Tier Muḍārabah model and the emergence of FinTech-driven equity crowdfunding, the study concludes that current banking practices often prioritize institutional stability over the distributive justice envisioned in Shari’ah. The findings suggest that for Muḍārabah to regain its fiduciary legitimacy, the industry must move toward transparent, technology-backed equity models that align more closely with the risk-reward parity of the original scriptural mandates.
SNCR Management, Shariah Non-Compliance Risk, Modern Banking. Muḍārabah
Social Issues and their Solutions: A Research Based Study in the context of Fehm ul Quran (Mian Muhammad Jamil)
Allah Almighty sent His Prophets and Messengers to guide humans and then revealed His Praiseworthy Word through these Prophets. The Holy Quran is one of the greatest book that was revealed to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Translations, explanations and commentaries on the Holy Quran have been written in many regional languages. In our Indian subcontinent, many interpretations have been written in Urdu and Arabic languages. Fahm al-Quran is also the Urdu interpretation of the Quran, by Mian Muhammad Jamil Sahib. This commentary was written in a common-sense style, adopting an educational approach, fully connecting the basic themes of the Quran to common people. The Mufassir tried to describe the social issues and their solutions according to Quran and Sunnah. In this article, we will analyze the social aspects of the topics covered in Fahm al-Quran and study to what extent the author of Fehm ul-Quran has addressed social issues in it. We will also examine which social problems have been described from which aspects, whether they have presented, any Quranic solutions for their work, and how can a individual succeed in their social challenges after reading this interpretations.
Fehm ul Quran, Social Issues, Interpretation, Solutions
The Growing Trend of Curiosity in the Context of Artificial Intelligence(An Applied Study of Islamic Rulings)
In the contemporary digital era, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly expanded the scope of surveillance and intrusive curiosity, transforming it into an automated, systematic, and often invisible phenomenon. Through technologies such as data mining, algorithmic monitoring, facial recognition, and predictive analytics, AI has enabled unprecedented access to individuals’ private lives, raising serious ethical, legal, and religious concerns. This study critically examines the growing culture of AI-driven surveillance in light of Islamic teachings, with particular reference to the Qur’an, Prophetic traditions (Sunnah), classical juristic principles, and the framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (Objectives of Islamic Law). The research argues that Islamic jurisprudence places a strong emphasis on the protection of human dignity, privacy (ḥurmah), and moral integrity, categorically prohibiting unwarranted curiosity and intrusion into personal affairs. By analyzing contemporary applications of AI-based surveillance, this paper demonstrates that such practices are fundamentally impermissible when conducted without necessity, consent, or legitimate legal-ethical justification. However, the study also acknowledges that under the principles of public interest (maṣlaḥah ʿāmmah) and genuine necessity (ḍarūrah), limited and regulated forms of surveillance may be conditionally permissible, provided they adhere to strict ethical boundaries and accountability mechanisms. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for an Islamic ethical framework for Artificial Intelligence that harmonizes technological advancement with the core values of justice, human dignity, and moral responsibility
Artificial Intelligence; Surveillance; Intrusive Curiosity; Islamic Jurisprudence; Privacy in Islam; Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah; AI Ethics; Human Dignity; Digital Monitoring; Islamic Moral Philosophy
The Qur’anic Concept of Patience (Sabr) and Its Importance in Daily Life
This research provides a descriptive-analytical study of the Qur’ānic concept of ṣabr (patience), a central virtue in Islamic ethics. In an era defined by instant gratification, psychological stress, and rapid social change, the classical understanding of ṣabr is often misinterpreted as passiveresignation or fatalism. This paper argues that the Qur’ānic framework presents ṣabr not as mere passivity, but as a dynamic, active, and multi-faceted spiritual practice essential for human flourishing. The study employs a qualitative, text-based methodology, drawing primarily from the Qur’ān and the canonical Sunnah (Prophetic traditions), supplemented by classical commentaries (tafsīr) and major scholarly works on Islamic spirituality. The research finds that ṣabr is a comprehensive virtue categorized by scholars into three main domains: perseverance in obedience to God (al-ṣabr ‘alā al-ṭā‘āt), steadfastness in abstaining from prohibitions (al-ṣabr‘an al-ma‘āṣī), and graceful endurance during calamities (al-ṣabr ‘alā al-aqdār al-mu’limah). The study concludes that ṣabr is a foundational pillar of faith (īmān) that functions as a practical framework for building spiritual resilience, enhancing psychological well-being, and navigating interpersonal and professional challenges in daily life.
The Role of Hadith in Shaping Islamic Law and Ethics
This paper examines the indispensable role of Hadith in shaping Islamic law (Sharia) and ethics. While the Qur’an provides foundational principles, Hadith contextualizes and operationalizes them, offering detailed rulings and moral paradigms. Through historical analysis, textual study, and case-based examination, this research demonstrates that Hadith functions as both a legal source and an ethical compass.
Orientalists' Suspicions about the Number of Wives of Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be upon him)A Critical Review in the Light of "Sirat al-Nabi" by Shibli Nomani and Syed Sulaiman Nadvi
This research paper critically examines the suspicions and criticisms raised by Orientalists regarding the number of wives of Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him). The book "Sirat al-Nabi" by Shibli Nomani and Syed Sulaiman Nadvi is used as a primary source to address these concerns. The paper explores the misinterpretations, distortions, and biases present in Orientalists' claims and provides a nuanced understanding of the historical context, Islamic teachings, and scholarly consensus. This abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, highlight the main topic, methodology, and conclusions. It provides and overview of the paper's content and helps readers understand the context and significance of the research The research under consideration is related to this important corner of the Prophet's biography, in which the doubts and falsehoods spread by the enemies of Islam regarding the multiple marriages of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, were reviewed in a very good and comprehensive manner with great brevity. has gone First, the educational, legislative, social and political wisdom and expedients of the Prophet's polygamy have been discussed in general, and after that, the Prophet with each wife of all the pure wives. The wisdom and expediency of the marriage of Karim (peace be upon him) has been described separately, the style of explanation is very strong and comprehensive.
Orientalists, Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him), Wives, Sirat al-Nabi, Shibli Nomani, Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Islamic teachings, Historical context, Scholarly consensus.
A scholarly review of Orientalists' criticisms of the genealogy of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
Genealogy is an important and great knowledge. Since the Arabs used to protect their genealogy, they also had the most knowledge about it and there was no tribe that did not have a genealogist. Among the Arabs, genealogy began in the era of Jahiliyyah and in the Islamic era, when other sciences and arts were edited, the knowledge of genealogy also became a regular science and art, and a large number of scholars in each period were known by the title of Nasab. Happened The Caliphs were experts in this art. Apart from them, mentions of more than fifty historians are available in translation books. This knowledge continued to develop for about three centuries and finally its evolution and development came to an end in the 4th century Hijri, and after that this knowledge was narrated as a former knowledge of Arab sciences. In view of the importance of this article, the research study of the Prophet's genealogy is an important matter. The genealogy of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has been studied in the light of his own sayings. A short article cannot afford to cover all the traditions related to the Prophetic genealogy and the rigor required to study them.
Genealogy, philosophy, Blasphemy, Jahiliyyah
Christian Apocryphal Literature as a Source of Quranic Narratives: A Historical and Critical Study of W. St. Clair Tisdall’s Arguments
This research article presents a historical and critical analysis of the arguments proposed by the British orientalist and missionary, William St. Clair Tisdall (1859–1928), regarding the influence of Christian apocryphal literature on Quranic narratives. Tisdall, a key figure in the Church Missionary Society, argued in his seminal work, The Original Sources of the Qur'an, that Islamic scriptures were not divinely revealed but were a compilation of earlier Jewish and Christian traditions. The study specifically scrutinizes Tisdall’s claims that the Quranic accounts of Mary (AS) and Jesus (AS)—including the service in the Temple, the birth under a palm tree, and the miracle of speaking in the cradle—were derived from non-canonical texts such as the Protoevangelium of James, the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, and the Arabic Gospel of Infancy. By evaluating the manuscript traditions, chronological dating of these apocryphal works, this paper exposes significant historical discrepancies in Tisdall’s hypotheses. The findings suggest that many of these apocryphal texts were either compiled or significantly redacted after the advent of Islam, indicating that the Quranic text stands as an independent, divine corrective rather than a derivative work. The research further refutes the alleged Gnostic influences on Quranic Christology, concluding that Tisdall’s methodology was primarily driven by missionary polemics rather than objective historiography.
William St. Clair Tisdall, Quranic Narratives, Christian Apocrypha, Orientalism, Missionary Polemics, Protoevangelium of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Arabic Gospel of Infancy, Christology, Quranic Sources
The Availability of Biblical Manuscripts in 7th-Century Arabia:A Critique of Orientalist Hypotheses on Quranic Origins
The geographical and cultural milieu of 7th-century Arabia, while lacking a unified political structure, was intellectually vibrant and religiously diverse. It served as a crossroads for ancient tribal beliefs and monotheistic influences. Orientalist scholars have long argued that the Quranic narratives and legal frameworks were derived from pre-existing Arabic translations or detailed oral/written versions of the Torah and the Gospels available in the Hejaz.This research critically evaluates this hypothesis by addressing two fundamental questions: Were physical manuscripts of the Torah and Gospels present during the Prophetic era, and did Arabic translations of the Bible exist at that time? Through a rigorous analysis of Quranic verses, Hadith literature (specifically from Sahih Bukhari), and the historical insights of scholars like Sidney Griffith and Richard Bell, this study demonstrates that while Hebrew and Syriac manuscripts existed among the Jewish and Christian communities of Medina and Mecca, they were often fragmentary or sectarian in nature. Furthermore, historical and linguistic evidence refutes the existence of a standardized Arabic Bible during the 7th century. The study concludes that the Quranic discourse on previous scriptures serves as a divine confirmation and guardian (Muhaymin) rather than a product of contemporary literary borrowing, as suggested by the Orientalist tradition.
Quranic Studies, Orientalism, 7th-Century Arabia, Biblical Intertextuality, Arabic Bible Translations, Pre-Islamic Hejaz, Muhaymin, Sidney Griffith, Hadith Literature, Manuscript Culture
Concept of Salvation in Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism: A Comparative Theological Study
This study presents a comparative theological analysis of the concept of salvation in Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism, examining how each tradition understands the human condition, the nature of ultimate deliverance, and the means by which it is attained. In Islam, salvation is rooted in complete submission to the will of God through faith, righteous deeds, divine mercy, and accountability in the Hereafter, emphasizing moral responsibility and balance between hope and fear. Christianity conceptualizes salvation primarily through redemption from sin by the grace of God, centered on faith in Jesus Christ as the savior, highlighting divine love, sacrifice, and reconciliation between humanity and God. Hinduism offers a diverse and pluralistic understanding of salvation, commonly expressed as moksha, the liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth, achieved through various paths such as knowledge, devotion, and disciplined action, reflecting a metaphysical focus on self-realization and unity with ultimate reality. By comparing these theological frameworks, the study highlights both convergences, such as the quest for liberation and moral transformation, and divergences in doctrinal foundations, soteriological mechanisms, and conceptions of the divine, thereby contributing to a deeper interfaith understanding of how salvation is perceived and pursued across major world religions.
Salvation, Comparative Theology, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism
The Impact of Grammatical Structures on the Construction of Textual Cohesion
This study examines the role of grammatical structures in constructing textual cohesion, highlighting their significance in ensuring unity, coherence, and continuity of meaning within a text. It explores how syntactic patterns such as sentence structure, word order, grammatical agreement, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and connective devices contribute to linking sentences and clauses into an integrated textual whole. The study emphasizes that grammatical cohesion is not merely a formal feature, but a functional mechanism that guides the reader’s understanding and interpretation of the text. By analyzing selected textual examples, the research demonstrates how effective use of grammatical structures enhances semantic clarity, reinforces logical relations, and strengthens overall textual coherence. The study concludes that grammatical structures play a central role in shaping textual cohesion and are essential to achieving communicative effectiveness in both written and spoken discourse.
Grammatical Structures, Textual Cohesion, Syntactic Patterns, Coherence, Discourse Analysis, Linguistic Cohesion.
Mohsin Naqvi as a Modern Marsiya Writer: From Classical Tradition to Modern Sensibility
This literary tradition of marsia Nigari was set by classical poets like Mir Anis and Mirza Dabeer and came out as a wholesome art form that interwove religious devotion, moral values, and human feelings to portray the tragedy of Karbala. These poets reconsidered the story and thus turned it into a historical lament into a unified aesthetic experience that appealed to different readers. The genre of Marsia has changed over time to suit the intellectual and cultural needs. One of the most outstanding representatives of this continuum, Mohsin Naqvi, brought a new sensibility to the genre, thus increasing its interpretive potential. His music does not simply use the Karbala story as the artifact of the past but as the representation of the larger human existential misery, modern fears, and the struggle against injustice. In spite of these inventions, the Marsia by Naqvi stands squarely on the classical traditions and maintains their structural and thematic integrity. Meanwhile, he expresses the agony, isolation, and rebellion that are inherent to the contemporary experience, thus closing the time gap between tradition and the contemporary issues. Therefore, Marsia by Mohsin Naqvi is a perfect example of the successful integration of tradition and innovation in the contemporary Urdu literature. His work is a pivotal nexus of the classical artistic tradition and the emerging narrative needs of a modern audience since he combined the traditional principles of art with the current intellectual horizons.
Marsia Writing, Mohsin Naqvi, Modern Sensibility, Classical Tradition, Mir Anis, Mirza Dabeer, Urdu Literature
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Developing Critical Thinking Skills among University Students in Pakistan
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a defining force in global education, transforming how students learn, interact, and construct knowledge. Although AI offers personalized learning and analytical support, its influence on higher-order thinking—particularly critical thinking—remains debated. Grounded in Socratic philosophy and Constructivist Learning Theory, this quantitative cross-sectional study examines how AI sub-factors such as learning support, motivation, information analysis, personalization, ethical use, and overreliance risk influence critical thinking dimensions, including analysis, evaluation, inference, reflection, questioning, and independence. The study contributes to the philosophical and empirical understanding of AI integration in higher education, offering evidence-based implications for fostering analytical and self-directed learners in Pakistan. Descriptive statistics indicated moderately high levels of both AI engagement and CT. These findings suggest that AI can function as a digital scaffold that enhances analytical and reflective capacities when used critically and ethically, but may undermine intellectual autonomy when over relied upon. The study offers empirical evidence and pedagogical implications for aligning AI-based learning with the cultivation of reflective, independent thinkers in Pakistani higher education
Sustainability in Higher Education in Brunei Darussalam: Policies, Pedagogy, and Pathways Forward
This study examines the integration of sustainability principles in Brunei Darussalam’s higher education sector, focusing on two key institutions: Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) and Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (UNISSA). Using a qualitative case study approach, the research draws on document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and observational data to explore how sustainability is conceptualised, implemented, and evaluated within each university. The analysis is guided by the frameworks of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), the Triple Bottom Line (TBL), and Institutional Theory, allowing for a multidimensional understanding of both progress and challenges. Findings indicate that while both universities demonstrate a strong commitment to sustainability, their approaches differ in emphasis and execution. UBD adopts a policy-driven and science-based model, aligning closely with national development goals and international best practices, while UNISSA frames sustainability within Islamic ethical principles, focusing on stewardship and community responsibility. Both institutions have achieved notable successes in environmental and social initiatives, yet the economic dimension of sustainability remains less developed. External policy directives, cultural values, and institutional capacities significantly influence the scope and depth of sustainability integration. The study concludes that a more comprehensive, whole-institution approach is required to deepen curriculum integration, strengthen financial sustainability, and improve monitoring systems. Recommendations include enhancing faculty development, securing diverse funding streams, fostering inter-institutional collaboration, and embedding robust evaluation mechanisms. This research contributes to understanding how small, resource-rich nations can harmonise cultural traditions and global sustainability imperatives in higher education policy and practice.
Decentralization and the Pluralization of Religious Authority: Rethinking Power, Legitimacy, and Interpretation
Religious authority is neither monolithic nor static; rather, it is shaped by theological interpretation, institutional arrangements, and socio-political contexts. This article critically examines the decentralization and pluralization of religious authority within the Islamic tradition, with particular reference to Pakistan as a contemporary case study. Drawing on classical Islamic legal theory and normative sources namely the Qurʾān, Sunnah, ijtihād, and ijmāʿ the study argues that decentralization is an intrinsic feature of Islamic governance rather than a modern innovation. The article distinguishes between institutional and individual forms of religious authority and demonstrates how delegated decision-making functioned during the Prophetic period and early Islamic history. It further analyzes how the modern centralization and politicization of religious authority in Pakistan have contributed to sectarian fragmentation, legal inconsistency, and religious violence. By situating religious actors such as the ʿulamāʾ, muftis, clerics, and state institutions within broader power structures, the article highlights the dangers posed by unregulated and personalized fatwā-issuing practices. The study proposes a model of institutionalized and territorially decentralized religious authority through state-recognized bodies operating at national and sub-national levels. It concludes that structured decentralization, grounded in uṣūl al-fiqh and insulated from partisan and sectarian influences, is essential for managing religious pluralism, enhancing legal legitimacy, and promoting social stability in multi-madhhab Muslim societies.
The Intellectual Merits of Aslam Rahi’s Ghazal
Aslam Rahi’s ghazal holds a distinguished place in modern Urdu poetry for its intellectual depth, aesthetic beauty, and meaningful expression. His poetry reflects a profound blend of thought and emotion, portraying human experiences, social attitudes, and inner conflicts with remarkable sensitivity. While preserving the classical style of the ghazal, Aslam Rahi infused it with a new intellectual dimension. Themes such as love, humanism, spirituality, and the realities of life are expressed with philosophical insight and artistic grace. He is not merely a poet of emotions but a thinker who presents the issues of his age through symbolic and metaphorical expression. His ghazals embody a strong sense of contemporary awareness, aesthetic harmony, and intellectual maturity, elevating his poetry beyond romanticism and granting it a unique intellectual identity.
Aslam Rahi, ghazal, intellectual merits, contemporary consciousn ess, spirituality, love, human experience
Realism and Mythological Evolution in the Stories of Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi stands as a distinguished figure in Urdu short fiction, celebrated for his sincere and compassionate portrayal of human realities and social struggles. His work centers on the marginalized—peasants, laborers, and women—depicting their lives with a realism that is deeply rooted in empathy and humanism. Rather than mere descriptions, Qasmi explores the profound inner world of his characters, showing how they maintain dignity, hope, and moral strength in the face of injustice and adversity. Over time, his artistic style evolved from simple, event-driven narratives to mature reflections on human consciousness and inner conflict, significantly expanding the intellectual and emotional scope of the Urdu short story. Ultimately, the beauty of Qasmi’s realism lies in its ability to present life in its totality, connecting simple everyday experiences to deep philosophical meanings and compelling readers to recognize the true essence of human existence.
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, Realism, Humanism, Social Issues, Empathy, Moral Strength, Human Emotions, Artistic Evolution, Inner Conflict, Social Reality
From Epistemic Rupture to Dehumanization: An Islamic Critique of Postmodern Thought
Postmodernism emerged as a critical reaction against the epistemic certainties of Enlightenment modernity, challenging universal truth, stable meaning, and essentialist conceptions of the human subject. While these critiques initially sought to expose hidden structures of power and domination, this article argues that postmodern epistemology has generated an unintended but profound consequence: the dehumanization of the human being. By rejecting objective truth (Lyotard) , destabilizing meaning through radical textual indeterminacy (Derrida), and reducing knowledge to power relations (Foucault), postmodern thought inaugurates an epistemic rupture that undermines the ontological, moral, and anthropological foundations of human dignity. This rupture manifests in multiple forms of dehumanization, including the erosion of moral accountability, the fragmentation of personal identity, and the detachment of selfhood from biological and moral reality. Contemporary phenomena such as radical identity fluidity, the separation of gender from biological sex, and emerging discourses of species dysphoria are analyzed not as isolated sociocultural developments but as symptomatic expressions of an epistemology that denies human nature and normativity. In this framework, the human being is reduced to a self-constructed project, severed from embodiment, purpose, and moral limits. Against this backdrop, the article advances an Islamic epistemological critique grounded in revelation (waḥy), reason (ʿaql), and the concept of fitrah. Islamic epistemology affirms objective truth, intrinsic human dignity (karāmah al-insān), and moral accountability (taklīf), offering a coherent rehumanizing framework capable of addressing the epistemic and anthropological deficiencies of postmodern thought. The article concludes that the contemporary crisis of the human cannot be resolved within postmodernism itself and that revelational guidance is epistemically necessary for restoring human dignity, meaning, and moral purpose.
Postmodernism, Epistemic Rupture, Dehumanization, Human Nature, Identity Fragmentation, Gender Performativity, Islamic Epistemology, Fitrah, Human Dignity
Reviving Islamic Arbitration (Tahkīm) as a Practical Model for Labour Dispute Resolution in Pakistan
This article explores the revival of Islamic arbitration (Tahkīm) as a viable and practical mechanism for resolving labour disputes in Pakistan within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary legal systems. It examines the conceptual foundations, historical development, and juristic principles of Tahkīm in Islamic law, highlighting its emphasis on justice, fairness, mutual consent, and expeditious dispute resolution. The study critically analyzes the existing labour dispute resolution mechanisms in Pakistan, identifying procedural delays, adversarial rigidity, and limited accessibility as key challenges. In response, it proposes the integration of Tahkīm as an alternative or complementary model that aligns with Pakistan’s constitutional commitment to Islamic principles and social justice. By assessing relevant statutory provisions, judicial precedents, and comparative practices, the article demonstrates how Islamic arbitration can offer a cost-effective, flexible, and culturally resonant framework for resolving labour conflicts. The study concludes that institutionalizing Tahkīm in labour relations can contribute to industrial harmony, protect the rights of both employers and workers, and strengthen the overall efficacy of Pakistan’s labour justice system.
Islamic labour law, , tahkīm, Islamic arbitration, labour disputes, Pakistan labour system, hybrid economy, labour justice, Islamic jurisprudence.
The Role of Instructor Digital Pedagogical Competence in Enhancing Learning Outcomes from Online Learning Platforms in Higher Education
This paper discusses and analyzes how instructor digital pedagogical competence would improve online learning outcomes provided by institutions of higher learning. The study is centred on how instructors can plan online material, online interaction, and timely feedback, and combine pedagogically viable online strategies to enhance student engagement, eagerness, and scholastic success. The quantitative research design was used, which included a sample of 360 undergraduate and postgraduate students of online and blended courses in the private universities. The Likert scale questionnaire was used to gather data, and the results were analyzed by employing descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results suggest that an instructor's digital pedagogical competence can positively influence student learning outcomes significantly, especially with respect to the conceptual knowledge, critical thinking, and learner satisfaction. Problems that were associated were inconsistent instructional design, inadequate instructor preparation, and unequal distribution of digital pedagogy adoption. The paper demonstrates the significance of enhancing digital pedagogical capabilities of instructors in an attempt to maximize the utility of online education environments in higher education.
Digital pedagogical competence, online learning platforms, instructor effectiveness, learning outcomes, higher education
A Comprehensive Stylistic Study of Prophetic Parables in the Works of Hadith Scholars
This study examines the Prophetic parables (al-amthāl al-nabawiyyah) as treated by the scholars of Hadith, adopting a stylistic approach that focuses on the aesthetic and expressive dimensions of the Prophetic discourse. It aims to highlight how Hadith scholars engaged with these parables not only as vehicles of meaning and guidance, but also as refined rhetorical structures characterized by clarity, brevity, and depth.The research analyzes selected Prophetic parables transmitted in the major Hadith collections, exploring their stylistic features such as imagery, analogy, narrative economy, rhythm, and semantic density. It also investigates the role of these stylistic elements in enhancing persuasion, facilitating comprehension, and ensuring the memorability of moral and doctrinal teachings.By integrating stylistic analysis with the Hadith scholars’ explanations and commentaries, the study reveals the harmony between form and meaning in the Prophetic parable and demonstrates the awareness—implicit or explicit—of stylistic phenomena in Hadith scholarship. The study concludes that the Prophetic parables represent a distinctive model of eloquent religious discourse, in which stylistic beauty serves the higher objectives of guidance, education, and ethical refinement.
Prophetic Parables, Hadith Studies, Stylistic Analysis, Prophetic Discourse, Rhetorical Imagery, Eloquence.
Study of beliefs, interfaith relations, and the rational and ethical justification of religious principles
This study examines the rational and ethical foundations of religious beliefs with a focus on interfaith relations, situating the discussion within the discipline of Ilm al-Kalām (Islamic theology). It explores how Islamic theological principles provide a framework for ethical engagement with adherents of other faiths, emphasizing justice (ʿadl), mercy (raḥmah), tolerance (tasāmuḥ), and freedom of belief. The research employs a comparative approach, analyzing classical kalām literature alongside contemporary scholarly interpretations to assess continuity and transformation in theological reasoning. By examining Qurʾānic injunctions, Prophetic practices, and the works of prominent theologians, the study demonstrates how rational discourse and ethical justification underpin Islamic perspectives on interfaith coexistence. The findings highlight the enduring relevance of Ilm al-Kalām for addressing modern challenges of pluralism, social cohesion, and peaceful interreligious engagement, offering a normative framework that integrates faith, reason, and ethics.
Ilm al-Kalām; Islamic Theology; Rational Justification; Ethics in Islam; Interfaith Relations; Religious Pluralism; Qurʾānic Ethics; Classical and Contemporary Theology
Qurʾānic Ethics of Religious Coexistence: A Comparative Study of Classical and Contemporary Tafsīr
This study explores the Qurʾānic ethical framework for religious coexistence through a comparative analysis of classical and contemporary tafsīr literature. It examines key Qurʾānic concepts such as justice (ʿadl), mercy (raḥmah), freedom of belief, and respectful engagement with religious others, analyzing how these principles have been interpreted by classical exegetes like al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kathīr, and al-Qurṭubī, and rearticulated by contemporary scholars including Muḥammad ʿAbduh, Rashīd Razā, and Fazlur Rahman. Employing a qualitative and analytical methodology, the study highlights both continuity and evolution in exegetical approaches, demonstrating how contextual factors shape interpretations of interreligious relations. The research argues that while classical tafsīr often reflected the socio-political realities of its time, contemporary interpretations increasingly emphasize ethical universality, pluralism, and peaceful coexistence. By situating Qurʾānic ethics within changing historical and social contexts, this study contributes to current scholarly discourse on Islam and interfaith relations, offering a normative framework for fostering religious coexistence in pluralistic societies grounded in Qurʾānic moral principles.
Qurʾānic Ethics; Religious Coexistence; Tafsīr Studies; Interfaith Relations; Justice (ʿAdl); Freedom of Belief; Classical Tafsīr; Contemporary Tafsīr; Pluralism in Islam
Empowered Women: An Analytical Assessment of Female Characteristics in Pakistani Drama (2016-2022)
Pakistan Television (PTV) started regular television broadcasting in Pakistan. PTV airs dramas based on reliable, conventional facts. Pakistani dramas have highlighted various economic, social, religious, cultural, and moral issues of Pakistani society. This research examines female characters in six Pakistani dramas. The selected drama serials portray the image of women in a different and positive manner who face all the sufferings and difficult situations imposed by the society with courage and fortitude. The purpose of depicting empowered women in these plays is to remove gender inequality and encourage women's participation in various spheres of life. Depending on the nature of the subject, this research involves a qualitative method. The primary data source is TV drama serials and interviews of female playwrights, while the secondary source includes research articles, reports, blogs, books, etc. Dramas from 2016 to 2022 have been selected in the study. In these selected dramas, the roles of women have been examined as to how they become empowered and successful by struggling in their lives.