The AL-JAMEI Research Journal (AJRJ) is launched by the Jlali Research Institute of Social Science (SMC-Private) Limited. It is a biannual, trilingual (English, Arabic, and Urdu), double-blind, peer-reviewed, and open-access research journal. It is available online with ISSN 3006-4783 and in print with ISSN 3006-4775. The AL-JAMEI Research Journal (AJRJ) is dedicated to promoting interreligious harmony and global peace through its commitment to providing a scholarly platform for individuals specializing in Religious Studies, Social Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. The Journal charge 75USD as processing and Publication fee per article. Join the reviewers' team at AL-JAMEI Research Journal with the following link: Become a Reviewer
Jlali Research Institute of Social Science (SMC-Private) Limited
Effects of the Islamic Marketing Mix on Consumer Behavior
This article investigates the profound influence of the Islamic Marketing Mix (IMM) on Muslim consumer behavior, arguing that this ethical framework transcends conventional market dynamics rooted purely in profit and utility. Driven by the multi-trillion-dollar global Halal economy, the IMM necessitates adapting the traditional 7 P's (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence) to adhere strictly to Shariah principles, particularly Tawhid (divine unity) and Adl (justice/equity). The study finds that the IMM functions primarily as a risk-minimization and trust-building mechanism. Behavioral analysis reveals that adherence to IMM standards, such as Halal and Tayyib (wholesome) products, transparent pricing free from Ribā (interest), and verified Process (Shariah certification) ,fundamentally shifts consumer decision-making. Consumers exhibit strong identity-based loyalty, viewing compliant consumption as the fulfillment of a religious obligation, rather than just economic satisfaction. This loyalty is further amplified through positive community endorsement. The article concludes that the IMM provides a powerful, sustainable competitive advantage, positioning compliant firms not merely as niche providers, but as leading actors in the global ethical commerce movement.
Islamic Marketing Mix (IMM), Halal Consumer Behavior, Shariah Compliance ,Identity-Based Loyalty, Perceived Risk
Copyright (c) 2025 AL-JAMEI Research Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tokenization in Islamic Finance: Evolution, Sukuk Innovations, and Shariah-Compliant Block chain Frameworks
The accelerating digital transformation of global finance is reshaping the mechanisms through which value is issued, transferred, and governed. Islamic finance, grounded in ethical constraints and asset-backed transactions, faces a distinctive challenge in this transition: how to adopt emerging financial technologies without compromising Shariah principles. Although Sukuk markets have expanded significantly over the past two decades, they continue to face structural limitations related to liquidity, issuance costs, governance transparency, and restricted investor access. This article examines digital tokenization as an infrastructural evolution within Islamic finance rather than a speculative financial innovation. By representing ownership rights and contractual obligations on distributed ledgers, tokenization offers a framework for enhancing transparency, automating Shariah compliance, reducing transactional friction, and enabling broader market participation. The analysis positions blockchain-enabled Sukuk as a mechanism capable of restoring substantive asset-backing and ethical accountability while aligning Islamic capital markets with contemporary financial infrastructure.
Riba (interest), risk, Sukuk, tokenization, Islamic finance
Pakistan’s Relations with Afghanistan During Benazir Bhutto First Era (1988–1990): A Critical Analysis
This Article provides a critical assessment of Pakistan’s Afghan policy during Bhutto’s first rule (1988–1990), examining the continuities from Zia’s era, the limitations faced by the civilian government, and the broader regional and international dynamics that influenced bilateral relations. During Benazir Bhutto’s first tenure (1988‑1990), Pakistan‑Afghan relations were shaped by the lingering aftermath of the Soviet withdrawal and the rise of the Mujahideen factions. Diplomatically, Bhutto’s government engaged in UN‑mediated talks aimed at a political settlement, while covertly maintaining contacts with various warlords to protect border security. Overall, the era was marked by a pragmatic yet uneasy partnership driven by mutual security interests amid regional turbulence.
Effect of Students’ Anxiety on their Achievement in Mathematics at Grade X in Punjab
The purpose of this study was to explore anxiety and achievement in mathematics of the students at secondary level in Punjab, Pakistan. Study was descriptive in nature and survey method was considered for data collection. More than nineteen hundred students participated in study. Two types of tools were administered for quantitative data collection Achievement Test and Mathematics anxiety scale. After data collection frequencies, means and standard deviations, t-test and ANOVA were calculated. Correlation of mathematics anxiety with the achievement of the students was calculated. Gender wise locality wise, area wise and sector wise analysis was done. The achievement score of male female students, rural and urban students, public and private school students were also compared, and findings were made accordingly. It was concluded that achievement score was less where anxiety was more and vice versa. Anxiety was dominant in male, urban and public sector students. Achievement score was prevailing in female, rural and private students. It is recommended to arrange refresher courses for the teachers, establishment of mathematics labs and regular visits to industrial areas for practical applications of mathematics.
Causes and Implications of Drug Addiction andRehabilitation Strategies: A Case Study of District Chiniot
The study deals with the complex problem of drug addiction in District Chiniot, Pakistan, focusing on its causes, costs, and effectiveness of current rehabilitation methods. Though it is known that drug addiction is usually viewed as a personal failure, it is rooted in system-level factors such as poverty, unemployment, lack of education, and psychological trauma. As years go by, the prevalence of narcotics among youth in Chiniot has increased, mainly due to peer pressure, easy access to drugs, and unavailability of recreation or opportunities for career development. It uses a mixed-method research approach combining quantitative surveys of affected individuals and families with qualitative interviews with healthcare providers, rehabilitation staff, and law enforcement personnel.The study shows that addiction deteriorates health for both physical and mental states and destroys families; it contributes to increases in crime and places additional burdens on local health care and legal systems. The study investigates rehabilitation efforts in Chiniot in great depth, meanwhile touching on the positives as well as some negatives within the treatment facilities managed by the government and the NGOs. There have been efforts, such as awareness campaigns and therapy-based programs, but almost all these centers are grossly underfunded, staffing problems are common, and the equipment does not comprise all that is needed to face the challenges of this kind. The stigma and social rejection attitude further complicate the reintegration of recovering addicts into society.Thus, these findings suggested that effective rehabilitation would involve more than detoxification and demand holistic community approaches like education, vocational training, psychological counseling, and family involvement. This research thus adds a better understanding of addiction as both a socioeconomic and public health crisis, and tools for the development of sustainable solutions in the context of District Chiniot.
Islamic Banking: Critiques, Challenges, and Possible Solutions for Promotion
Islamic banking has prominently emerged over the past few decades worldwide and is being promoted in many Muslim countries, including Pakistan, as an alternative to conventional banking. Although this system has gained public trust and acceptance, it has also faced various critiques at both scholarly and practical levels. Critics argue that Islamic banking suffers from a lack of standardized regulations, issues of transparency and accountability, and complexities in risk management. Due to these shortcomings, some experts label Islamic banking as merely the “Islamic version” of conventional banking.This study presents a scholarly and analytical review of the major critiques against Islamic banking and proposes possible solutions in light of the opinions of economists and Islamic jurists. It also includes a comparative analysis of successful global models of Islamic banking, such as those in Malaysia and the Gulf countries, to contextualize the Pakistani experience more clearly.The article concludes that Islamic banking must be realigned with its genuine Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (objectives of Shari‘ah), namely transparency, justice, partnership, and public welfare. Achieving this goal requires joint efforts by experts in Shari‘ah and finance, strong policymaking by the State Bank, and initiatives to restore public awareness and confidence.
Criteria for Teacher Recruitment in Early Islam: An Analytical Review of Prophetic Practices and Their Modern Relevance
This study presents a critical examination of the systematic principles and rigorous criteria that governed the appointment of educators and teachers during the Prophetic era. Moving beyond a mere historical overview, it posits that the Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ methodology established a paradigmatic framework for human resource development in the educational sector, one that integrated spiritual integrity with pragmatic competence. Through an analytical review of primary Seerah sources, the article elucidates a multifaceted appointment policy based on core pillars: demonstrated knowledge ('Ilm) and understanding (Fiqh), impeccable moral character (Akhlaq), verified pedagogical aptitude (Taqwa wa Husn al-Tadrees), and strategic contextual suitability. It further explores how these appointments were deliberate instruments of statecraft and community building, tailored to specific tribal, cultural, and instructional needs. The research concludes that this Prophetic model offers a timeless, holistic alternative to contemporary credential-centric selection processes, advocating for a balanced emphasis on ethical virtue, professional capability, and social consciousness in shaping educational systems. The findings contribute to ongoing discourses in Islamic educational theory, ethical leadership, and the reform of teacher recruitment paradigms.
Evaluating Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Preventing and Responding to Gender-Based Violence
This study critically evaluates the legal and institutional frameworks designed to prevent and respond to gender-based violence (GBV) in contemporary societies. By examining national legislation, international human rights norms, criminal justice procedures, and institutional protection mechanisms, the research highlights the gaps between policy formulation and practical implementation. The analysis shows that despite the existence of comprehensive laws, systemic issues such as weak enforcement, sociocultural barriers, institutional bias, and limited access to justice continue to undermine the effectiveness of GBV prevention efforts. The paper further explores best-practice models—such as survivor-centered approaches, integrated service delivery, and multi sectoral coordination—to demonstrate how strengthened institutional capacity and accountability can significantly improve response systems. The study emphasizes the need for holistic reforms that combine legal clarity, institutional efficiency, community awareness, and interagency collaboration to ensure meaningful protection and justice for survivors of gender-based violence.
Gender-Based Violence (GBV); Legal Frameworks; Institutional Mechanisms; Human Rights; Criminal Justice System; Survivor-Centered Approach; Policy Implementation; Social Protection; Accountability; Contemporary Societies
Copyright (c) 2024 AL-JAMEI Research Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aḥkām Al-Mandūb Between Jurisprudential Theory and Practical Application: A Comparative Study of Its Legal Characterization (Al-Takyeef Al-Uṣūlī) and the Necessity of Completion (Luzūm Al-Itmām)
A central point of analytical contention within Islamic legal theory (usūl al-fiqh) involves the scope and application of Al-Mandūb (Recommended Acts), particularly concerning its internal divisions and the legal implications of its performance. This research focuses particularly on the structural definition of al-mandūb and the resulting practical implications of its performance and omission across various schools of thought. Employing an analytical-comparative methodology, this study examines classical works of Islamic legal theory (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali) to investigate three core areas of scholarly disagreement (ikhtilāf): firstly, the categorization of al-mandūb (specifically the Hanafi division into sunnah mu'akkadah, ghayr mu'akkadah, and zawā’id versus the consensus view of the majority); secondly, the theoretical debate on whether al-mandūb constitutes a ḥukm taklīfī (a binding obligation); and thirdly, the central issue of luzūm al-mandūb bi al-shurū’ fīhi (whether starting a voluntary act necessitates its completion). The research highlights that the disagreement regarding the necessity of completion directly affects rulings in critical areas such as voluntary prayer, fasting, and i'tikāf. Key research objectives include elucidating the definition and methods of indication for al-mandūb, clarifying the theoretical differences concerning its nature and scope, demonstrating the practical jurisprudential consequences of these disagreements, and presenting the preponderant (rājih) opinion which generally upholds the necessity of completion (with the exception of voluntary fasting) as a legal safeguard (iḥtiyāṭ). The findings underscore the indispensable relationship between theological structure and applied jurisprudence in regulating voluntary worship.
Legal Theory (Usūl al-Fiqh), Al-Mandūb, Sunnah Mu'akkadah, Legal Taxonomy, Luzūm bi al-Shurū’, Hanafi School, Voluntary Acts, Juristic Disagreement (Ikhtilāf)
The Specifiers (Al-Mukhassasāt) in Islamic Jurisprudence (Uṣūl al-Fiqh): A Comparative Study Between the Majority (Jumhūr) and the Ḥanafī School
The concept of Al-Mukhassasāt (Specifiers) involves evidence that restricts a general text (‘Āmm) to apply only to some of its referents. This is a central discussion in Islamic jurisprudence (Uṣūl al-Fiqh). Jurists disagree on their classification: the Jumhūr (Majority) recognize both connected (Mutaṣṣil) specifiers (like conditions, exceptions, or limits within the text) and separate (Munfaṣil) specifiers (like independent texts, reason, or custom). The Ḥanafīs, however, are stricter, requiring an initial specifier to be independent and contemporaneous with the general text. They view non-independent elements (like exceptions) as inherent textual limitations, not true specifiers. A key distinction is the use of a solitary tradition (Khabar al-Wāḥid) to restrict the Qur'ān: the Jumhūr generally allow this specification, but the Ḥanafīs only permit it if the Qur’ānic text was already restricted by a prior, definitive proof. This difference has practical legal implications, such as the ruling on the necessity of reciting Sūrat al-Fātiḥah in prayer. Furthermore, specification is fundamentally different from Abrogation (Naskh): specification restricts the ruling from the outset (the excluded cases were never intended), while abrogation removes a ruling after it was initially established and is always subsequent. Finally, the foundational maxim guiding the interpretation of these texts is: "Consideration is given to the generality of the wording, not the specificity of the cause," meaning the general wording applies broadly regardless of the specific incident that prompted its revelation.
Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Islami (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), Al-Mukhassasāt (Specifiers), ‘Āmm (General Text), Takhṣīṣ (Specification), Generality of Wording
The Methodology of the Prophet ﷺ in Conflict Resolution: A Comparative Analysis with Contemporary Peacebuilding Models
This research examines the methodology of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in conflict resolution and analyzes its relevance to contemporary peacebuilding models. Drawing upon key Prophetic practices—such as dialogue, inclusivity, reconciliation, forgiveness, and interest-based negotiation—the study highlights how the Prophet ﷺ established sustainable peace in deeply polarized tribal contexts. By comparing these strategies with modern frameworks in peace and conflict studies, such as transformative dialogue, restorative justice, and community-centered mediation, the paper demonstrates that Prophetic methods are not only religiously significant but also aligned with modern conflict-resolution theories. The findings suggest that the Prophetic approach offers a holistic, ethically grounded, and socially adaptive paradigm that can meaningfully contribute to present-day peacebuilding initiatives across diverse socio-political settings.
Continuous Professional Development (CPD): Challenges Faced by In-Service Special Education Teachers and Possible Solutions
Continuous Professional Development (CPD) has become a key way to keep teachers skilled and improve education in today's schools. For special education teachers, who need to teach in different ways, support student behavior, and work with parents and other teams, CPD is especially important. This study looks at the problems that in service special education teachers in Punjab, Pakistan, face and finds solutions that can help make CPD more effective. A quantitative descriptive design was used, with a survey given to320 teachers from government and private special education schools. The findings show that teachers value CPD, but face issues like heavy workloads, limited career growth, financial problems, and lack of support from school leaders. Statistical analysis also shows differences based on factors like how long they have been teaching and their qualifications. The paper concludes that for CPD to work long term there needs to be strong support from schools, better training options teachers and policies that help keep learning and improving.
continuous professional development, special education, teacher training, profession al growth, Pakistan
Hadith Grading & Machine Learning: Feasibility of Automatic Isnād-Analysis
This study examines the feasibility of using machine-learning (ML) techniques to assist classical hadith grading by automatically analysing isnād (chains of transmission). The paper proposes a hybrid framework combining (1) robust dataset construction (graph and sequence representations of sanads), (2) narrator-disambiguation and biographical feature extraction (rijāl metadata), and (3) supervised and graph-based ML models to predict indicators relevant to traditional hadith classification (e.g., continuity of chain, possible breaks, ambiguous narrator identity). We review existing datasets (AR-Sanad, SanadSet, Multi-IsnadSet) and prior computational approaches — from heuristic graph-representations and HMM/POS methods to transformer-based models fine-tuned for Arabic and classical names — identifying strengths and gaps in coverage, annotation quality, and interpretability. Using a pilot corpus built from canonical collections (sampled variants from Ṣaḥīḥ collections and parallel manuscripts), we present experimental results that show automatic narrator-disambiguation and continuity-flagging can reach useful support-levels for human scholars (high recall in candidate linking; moderate precision in automatic grading), while fully automated final grading remains unreliable without expert oversight. We discuss key challenges: variant name forms and orthography, homonymous narrators across regions/periods, biased training data, and the normative complexity of mapping computational scores to juristic categories (ṣaḥīḥ, ḥasan, ḍaʿīf). The paper concludes with an ethical and methodological roadmap for integrating ML tools into hadith scholarship: transparent, explainable models; scholar-in-the-loop workflows; standardized datasets and annotation guidelines; and safeguards to avoid overreliance on automated judgments. The study demonstrates that ML is a promising assistive technology for isnād analysis but cannot replace human critical evaluation in hadith grading.
Hadith studies; Isnad (Sanad) analysis; narrator disambiguation; machine learning; Arabic NLP; data annotation; explainability; digital hadith
A comparative Analysis of Tafseer Tafhīm‑ul‑Qur’ān and Al‑Kawthar fi Tafsīr al‑Qur’ān in the context of (Apparent) Conflicting Verses
Islam presents a comprehensive code of life, and the final revealed book, the Holy Qur’an, remains a perpetual source of guidance for humanity until the Day of Judgment. Although certain verses may appear to conflict at first glance, this paper argues that no genuine contradictions exist within the Qur’an. Employing a descriptive‐analytical methodology, the study draws upon the tafsirs of the distinguished Sub-continent scholars Maulana Syed Abul A’la Maududi and Allama Sheikh Mohsin Ali Najafi, both of whom assert, through rigorous argumentation, that the Qur’an is entirely free from contradictions. After providing a concise introduction to these mufassireen and their exegetical works, the paper selects and analyses four instances of apparently contradictory verses. Grounded in narrations of the Holy Prophet (SAWS) and the experts’ fiqh knowledge, both Maududi and Najafi offer coherent reconciliations that demonstrate the consistency and integrity of Qur’anic revelation. The findings aim to clarify misunderstandings and reinforce the Qur’an’s role as an enduring, coherent guidance for believers.
Holy Qur’an, Apparent Contradiction , Revelation , Exegeses
The Role of Hazrat Khadijah (Ra) in Islamic Economics and Domestic Life: An Analytical Study in a Contemporary Perspective"
The life of Hazrat Khadijah (RA) holds a distinguished position in Islamic history as a model of integrity, wisdom, and exemplary character. She was not only the first supporter, companion, and advisor of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) but also a successful entrepreneur, a prudent counselor, and an ideal household manager. This study explores her role in domestic and economic spheres, emphasizing how her life provides a comprehensive framework for contemporary Muslim women. In the modern era, women are increasingly participating in education, health, and economic sectors; however, guiding their efforts through the principles of Islam remains essential. Hazrat Khadijah’s (RA) life demonstrates how women can balance family responsibilities with financial acumen, ethical conduct, and social engagement. This research analyzes her family relations, her supportive partnership with the Prophet (ﷺ), her business strategies, judicious use of financial resources, and her societal contributions. By examining these dimensions, the study offers insights into a practical and spiritual model for women today, highlighting the integration of faith, entrepreneurship, and domestic management. The findings suggest that adopting the principles exemplified by Hazrat Khadijah (RA) can empower modern Muslim women to navigate both domestic and economic challenges with wisdom, dignity, and ethical responsibility. Thus, her legacy remains profoundly relevant in addressing contemporary issues faced by women in Islamic societies and beyond.
Effects of Resistance Training on Respiratory Variables in Novice Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Objective: The study aims to determine the effects of resistance exercises in novice athletes on their respective respiratory values. Method: The electronic databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science were used to search for subject heading terms “resistance training,” “respiratory parameters,” and “spirometric instruments.” There was a definite time limit (2015 to January 2025) for the selection of articles. The main sub-category criteria for research article inclusion were training exercises, target body muscles, population, age group, measurement tool, research design, respiratory variable, and effectiveness/results to narrow down further studies. The seven studies were filtered out from this set limit of time and duration. The observational studies reporting strengths were additionally implying to assess the quality of the studies. Result: 3600 studies resulted in finding the initial literature. After implementing the set strict criteria, the titles, seven articles were selected for data extraction. Three studies investigated the FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC respiratory values; two examined inspiratory and expiratory muscle conditions; one for FVC values with VO2max; and one for physical activity and quality of life improvement. The training effects on respiratory muscle were profound in all studies ranging over this specified period. All seven studies were classified as excellent in the respiratory physiology research domain. The resistance exercises should be part of respiratory muscle improvement, which in turn proves significant in overall sports performance and reduction of respiratory-related muscle injuries. Conclusion: This systematic review proved that resistance training is a method for improving respiratory values, and strongman is the safest regarding respiratory injuries. Various forums have published a number of studies on various RT methods, indicating the generalization of the results.
Resistance Training, Force Vital Capacity, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second, maximum Oxygen intake, Spirometrics
A Scholarly and Analytical Study of the Fundamentals of Sufism
This study offers a scholarly and analytical exploration of the foundational concepts of Sufism, examining its intellectual, spiritual, historical, and socio-ethical dimensions. As a doctrinal discipline, Sufism stands firmly upon the principles of Divine Unity (Tawḥīd) and the finality of Prophethood, while its historical continuity resembles the uninterrupted transmission of ḥadīth extending from contemporary times back to the era of the Prophet ﷺ. From an intellectual perspective, the theological debates surrounding waḥdat al-wujūd and waḥdat al-shuhūd constitute central discussions that shaped Sufi metaphysics. Sufism also embodies a scientific orientation insofar as it seeks access to the Absolute Reality through reflection upon the signs of God in the horizons and within the self, though its epistemic method differs from empirical science: the scientific approach is inferential and experimental, whereas Sufism relies on unveiling (kashf), spiritual experience, and divine inspiration. Socially, Sufism aims at moral refinement, character building, and the attainment of worldly and spiritual well-being. Its ultimate purpose is the pursuit of Divine pleasure through worship, purification, and service to humanity. The subject matter of Sufism includes the purification of the self (tazkiyat al-nafs), purification of the heart (taṣfiyat al-qalb), and illumination of the spirit (tajalliyat al-rūḥ). Over time, great scholars and spiritual masters developed distinct Sufi orders, analogous to the formation of legal schools in Islamic jurisprudence. Sufi terminology emerged to preserve esoteric meanings, while ecstatic utterances (shaṭaḥāt) were understood as expressions arising from states of spiritual absorption. The primary sources of Sufism remain the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and the spiritual states of the Companions and Successors, while its essential elements include initiation (bayʿah), the spiritual guide (shaykh), the disciple (murīd), and the khānqāh as a center of training. Overall, Sufism presents a holistic framework that integrates metaphysics, spirituality, ethics, and social responsibility in the pursuit of proximity to God.
Sufism, Divine, Spirituality, Qur’an, Sunnah, Ethics
Islamic Banking and the Architecture of Modern Money: A Structural Critique of Debt-Based Monetary Systems
This article critically examines the prevailing discourse on Islamic banking in Pakistan, focusing on the conceptual foundations, operational practices, and theoretical assumptions underlying the system. The study distinguishes between two broad groups of critics: those who accept the possibility of “Islamizing” conventional banking and those who consider banking intrinsically non-Islamic and impervious to reform. Drawing upon the works of Maulana Taqi Usmani, the article analyzes the neoclassical economic assumptions embedded in the proponents’ view of banking, including the notion that banks function primarily as financial intermediaries facilitating savings and investment, and that fiat money and fractional reserve banking are natural and neutral mechanisms. The study highlights inherent contradictions in the proponents’ framework, such as the simultaneous claim that banks merely exchange money while also creating it, and critiques the oversimplified understanding of money, banking, and macroeconomic equilibrium. The paper further explores the historical evolution of banking, the possibilities and limitations of “Islamizing” banking practices, and the implications of fractional reserve banking for money creation and economic stability. By situating Islamic banking within the broader economic and jurisprudential context, the study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of its theoretical foundations, operational challenges, and the feasibility of aligning modern banking practices with Islamic principles.
Islamic Banking, Islamic Finance , Islamic Marketing
Women in sports law in Pakistan: Addressing legal inequities, institutional exclusion, and pathways for reform Settlements in Karachi
The Women's sports law in Pakistan is a developing yet little-studied field of legal and social progress. Although the role of women in sports is slowly on the rise, the legal frameworks are usually inadequate to resolve the gender equality, safety, and representation problems. Some of the challenges that women athletes encounter include institutional support, facilities, gender-based discrimination, and the law. The law of sports in Pakistan needs to change back in order to include the aspect of equal opportunities, protection against harassment, and rewarding the success of women athletes at both national and international levels. Moreover, the percentage of women in the sport governing bodies, arbitration, and the dispute resolution procedures is still very low, which shows the necessity of inclusive policies. Through reinforcement of law and order, creation of awareness, and gender sensitive governance, Pakistan will be able to create a more equal culture in sports. It is, therefore, crucial that women be empowered through sports law towards gender equity and improving the integrity of the sports sector in general.
challenges, historical context, laws, opportunities, theoretical context
Convivencia Revisited: A Historical Analysis of Tolerance and Interfaith Relations in al-Andalus
This study revisits convivencia to provide a comprehensive historical analysis of tolerance and interfaith relations under Muslim rule in al-Andalus (711–1492). Contrary to simplified narratives that idealize Andalusi society as a utopia of harmonious coexistence, this research adopts a nuanced approach, examining both cooperation and conflict among Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Utilizing a wide range of sources including historical chronicles, legal codes, administrative records, and literary and cultural artifacts the study investigates how Islamic governance structured interreligious relations through the frameworks of dhimma, legal pluralism, and socio-economic integration. The analysis highlights periods of remarkable intellectual collaboration, cultural flourishing, and shared civic life, while also acknowledging moments of tension arising from political instability, social hierarchies, and external pressures. By situating convivencia within its complex socio-political and legal context, the article demonstrates that Andalusi tolerance was pragmatic, negotiated, and contingent rather than absolute. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of historical models of pluralism and offers insights relevant to contemporary discussions on interfaith coexistence and cultural diplomacy.
Convivencia, Interfaith Relations, Al-Andalus, Religious Tolerance, Dhimma, Medieval Islamic Governance
Urban Encroachment and Governance Failure: Legal and Environmental Implications of Informal Settlements in Karachi
One of the urban problems in Karachi is illegal encroachment, which interferes with city planning, infrastructure, and the environment. The uncontrolled increase in population, rural migration, and poor governance have contributed to the proliferation of illegal settlements, roadside stalls, and the development of unlawful construction on public and government property. These intrusions obstruct roads, diminish social areas, and overload the basic amenities like water, electricity, and garbage disposal. Despite the anti-encroachment drives by the authorities, the issue has remained a problem because of corruption and interference by the political actors, as well as the coordination failure among departments. In addition, the eviction activities usually impact the low-income neighborhoods, which is socially and humanitarian problematic. The sustainable solution would involve equal application of urban laws, better land management systems, and affordable housing for people experiencing poverty. Illegal encroachment is a major issue that needs to be addressed to bring back the Karachi city structure, environmental security, and to offer a structured and habitable city to the expanding Karachi population.
Digital privacy vs. National security in the US and EU: Constitutional Boundaries in the surveillance Era
The privacy and security of information on the internet has become a significant constitutional question in the era of surveillance. With governments engaging more and more in surveillance in the fight against terrorism and crime, governments have to strike a fine line between national security and the most important fundamental right to privacy. This paper looks at the constitutional limits within which this balance exists and looks into the legal systems in the U.S. and across the world. It considers the importance of the law on privacy, judicial control, and the consequences of surveillance on the freedom of individuals. Using case studies of countries that have been experiencing such problems, the paper will evaluate the extent to which digital privacy rights are being enforced or infringed in the name of national security. The paper then attempts to give a recommendation on how to better handle this tension in contemporary governance in a more accountable and moral way.
constitutional law, digital privacy, human rights, national security, surveillance
Counterterrorism vs. human rights in Pakistan: A critical ICCPR-based evaluation of the anti-terrorism act and its implementation
The paper will analyze the legal framework of counterterrorism in Pakistan against the international standards of human rights, as well as the major laws related to this matter, including the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997 and its further amendments. Even though Pakistan is grappling with major security issues within its borders, the counterterrorism practices have cast grave doubts on the issue of due process, arbitrary detention, and the application of military courts. The paper critically evaluates the compatibility of these laws with the international documents, i.e., the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), on which Pakistan is a signatory. Special consideration is paid to the right to fair trial, anti-torture, and freedom of speech. This paper will argue that even though the national security issues are justified, they have to be weighed against the main human rights requirements. It concludes that extensive reforms are required to make sure that the counterterrorism regime in Pakistan adheres to standards of international law and fosters effective security and the rule of law.
Echoes in the Void: Transgenerational Haunting and the Persistence of Palestinian Memory in Azem’s The Book of Disappearance
The present paper brings forth to the speculative yet most realistic pronouncement of the current era in which all Palestinians vanish overnight, leaving behind empty homes, and disrupted social systems by providing testimony through tear-filled diaries and recollections. While employing Meera Atkinson's (2017) transgenerational lens, the researchers investigate the characters’ fractured memories and traumatic experiences in Ibtisam Azam’s The Book of Disappearance. Azem dramatizes the delicate yet robust mechanisms through which trauma, memory, and silence are passed down through the generations despite systematic erasure. Even after more than seventy years of the Nakba (1948), characters are preserving their memory as this has passed across generations featuring that while bodies may disappear, trauma and memory remain as spectral legacies, shaping the present and unsettling dominant narratives. The novel’s central conceit: the sudden disappearance of Palestinians functions not as absence but as a heightened presence that exposes the continuity of loss and remembrance. Through a close reading of recurring images of emptiness, repetition, and silence, the study demonstrates that Azem constructs a poetics of haunting in which memory reverberates across bodies, generations, and silences. In bridging Palestinian narrative with transgenerational (2017) trauma theory, the paper contributes to a growing body of scholarship that reads political displacement through affective inheritance. Ultimately, it proposes that Azem’s (2019) novel renders the void itself resonant, turning disappearance into a living archive of collective memory.
Transgenerational Trauma, Affective Inheritance, Collective Memory, Silence and Absence, The Book of Disappearance, Resilience
The Referents of Ahl al-Bayt in Light of the Verse of Purification: A Scholarly Analytical Study of the Opinions of Sunni and Shia Scholars
This study critically examines the identities and scope of Ahl al-Bayt in light of the Qur’anic Verse of Purification (Āyat al-Taṭhīr, Qur’an 33:33) by analyzing major scholarly interpretations from both Sunni and Shia traditions. The research explores the linguistic, contextual, and exegetical dimensions of the verse, along with the relevant Prophetic traditions that contribute to defining the term Ahl al-Bayt. By engaging with classical and contemporary commentaries, the study highlights areas of convergence such as the significance of the Prophet’s Household in Islamic piety and points of divergence, particularly regarding whether the verse primarily refers to the Prophet’s wives, his immediate family (Fatimah, Ali, Hasan, and Husayn), or a broader household. The findings demonstrate that both sectarian views are rooted in interpretive methodologies shaped by hadith selection, historical contexts, and theological priorities. The research ultimately contributes to a more nuanced understanding of inter-sectarian perspectives and underscores the importance of balanced, evidence-based analysis in the study of Qur’anic terminology and Islamic intellectual history.
Ahl al-Bayt; Verse of Purification; Āyat al-Taṭhīr; Qur’anic Exegesis; Sunni Perspectives; Shia Perspectives; Hadith Studies; Islamic Theology; Prophetic Household; Sectarian Interpretations.
Civilization and Decline in Muslim Societies: A Critical Review of Malek Bennabi’s Thought
This paper critically examines the civilizational thought of Malek Bennabi, a prominent Algerian intellectual of the 20th century, who emphasized the indispensable role of religion in the rise and fall of civilizations. According to Bennabi, civilization is not merely a material construct but a comprehensive system shaped by spiritual, ideological, and cultural foundations. The study explores his views on the integration of religion and ideology, categorizing them into foundational and practical ideas which influence both individual behavior and collective social structures. Bennabi identifies the emergence of Islamic civilization with the advent of the Qur’an, arguing that it transformed a tribal and nomadic Arab society into a vibrant historical civilization. He outlines a three-stage trajectory of civilizational decline—spiritual, intellectual, and instinctual—highlighting the eventual dominance of base instincts and the erosion of ethical and rational faculties. The paper also reviews his concept of “post-civilizational society,” which explains the Muslim world’s stagnation as a result of the loss of spiritual motivation and the absence of a cohesive worldview. Furthermore, Bennabi critiques the failure of the Islamic Renaissance movements in modern times, attributing it to a lack of clear objectives, improper diagnosis of social issues, and the absence of effective models for progress. He emphasizes that cultural and psychological rehabilitation is essential for reversing decline. Finally, the paper discusses Bennabi’s assessment of economic underdevelopment in Muslim countries, identifying it as a cultural and structural issue rather than a purely economic one. The study concludes by underlining the contemporary relevance of Bennabi’s insights for Muslim revivalism.
Civilization, Decline, Religion and Ideology, Islamic Renaissance, Cultural Rehabilitation
"Fuyooz al-Bari li-Usul al-Shashi: Scholarly Introduction and Methodological Features"
The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) represent the fundamental and juridical framework that governs the derivation of Islamic legal rulings from the primary sources of Shariah—the Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma ‘, and Qiyas. Scholars and jurists, who are regarded as the experts of Shariah, play a pivotal role in interpreting these sources and formulating rulings on emerging jurisprudential issues through well-established methodologies and principles. Over the centuries, Islamic jurisprudence has continued to evolve, deepen, and flourish across the Muslim world. In particular, the contribution of scholars from the Indian subcontinent has been both rich and enduring. Within this intellectual tradition, the district of Nowshera in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has produced several distinguished scholars whose academic and literary works have significantly contributed to the understanding and advancement of Usul al-Fiqh. Among these luminaries, Maulana Mian Saad Ullah Kaka Khel stands out as an eminent scholar, jurist, and literary figure. His critical writings and commentaries on seminal works such as Al-Muntakhab al-Husami and Usul al-Shashi are of exceptional scholarly value. The letters and expository notes compiled by him not only reveal his profound grasp of jurisprudential principles but also reflect his ability to present intricate legal theories in a refined and accessible manner. The forthcoming research highlights and analyses his intellectual contributions, particularly focusing on his remarkable exposition Fuyooz al-Bari li-Usul al-Shashi, in which he elucidates Usul al-Shashi through a unique, verifiable, and intellectually engaging method. This research aims to explore the depth, originality, and influence of his works, providing valuable insights for students, jurists, and researchers of Islamic jurisprudence.
Islamic Jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh), Shariah Scholars and Jurists, Maulana Mian Saad Ullah Kaka Khel, Fuyooz al-Bari li-Usul al-Shashi, Contributions of Subcontinent Scholars
The current financial system in light of "Kitab al-Buyu" (the Book of Sales), with a comparative study of "Hidayat al-Qari" and "Ni'mat al-Bari"
This article explores the foundational role of "Kitab al-Buyu" (The Book of Sales) in Islamic jurisprudence, emphasizing how its rulings on economic transactions profoundly impact individual, societal, and state economic and moral systems. Islamic Sharia mandates that commercial activities adhere to a religious, moral, and principled framework, ensuring honesty, transparency, and justice. The article focuses on specific economic issues highlighted in Imam Bukhari's Kitab al-Jami’ al-Sahih, such as buying and selling, interest, fraud, hoarding, illegal profiteering, installment sales, loans, and business transparency. It then critically compares the interpretive styles of two prominent commentators: Hafiz Abdul Sattar Hammad (from Hidayat al-Qari) and Allama Ghulam Rasool Saeedi (from Ni'mat al-Bari). Hafiz Hammad prioritizes the hadith text and tradition, while Allama Saeedi offers comprehensive interpretations considering jurisprudential traditions, ijtihad principles, and evolving contexts. The core objective of this comparative study is to assess which interpretive approach is more effective in addressing contemporary complex economic challenges and to provide practical guidance for developing an Islamic alternative to the current financial system.
buying and selling, interest, fraud, hoarding, illegal profiteering, installment sales, loans, Islamic jurisprudence, business transparency,Trade
Socio-economic Causes of Child Labor in Balochistan: An Analytical Study with Special Focus on Rag-Picking Girls of Quetta City
This study focuses on rag-picking girls in Quetta, Balochistan, and examines the socioeconomic factors that contribute to child labor. Twelve rag-picking girls chosen through purposive sampling participated in semi-structured interviews as part of a descriptive and qualitative study design. The results show that the main causes of young girls engaging in rag-picking are poverty, unemployment, parental illiteracy, big family size, and parental carelessness. Participants also emphasized the problems of social stigma and isolation, which serve to further perpetuate cycles of labor and poverty. The study comes to the conclusion that systemic socioeconomic disparities are at the heart of child labor in Quetta.
Thematic review of the novel Darya key Sanng "
Nisar Aziz Butt's last novel is "Darya Key Sanng" which has two main characters Darya and Sajid. In this novel, the author has used the river and the flow of life as a metaphor. The importance of the river is so high in the novel. It is safe to say that the story cannot go on without it. The River appears to be the second most important character in this novel. It can also be called a symbol, a symbol of the continuity of life, flow and selflessness. A water that washes away all impurities and impurities Black and white all become one. Thus the river is a metaphor of eternity. The protagonist of the novel Sajid is captivated by the love of the river and is forced to return to the river again and again.
River, Metaphor, symbol of the continuity of life, flow and selflessness, eternity
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